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-pkGof; _
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>L ;/0f /fO{sf] …dfgj ;+;f/Ú Ps p2]Zok"0f{ pkGof; xf] . n]vsn] o;df Pp6f pRr cfbz{nfO{ ljzfn sNkgfsf] r'r'/fdfly k'¥ofP/ uugr'DjL agfpg] k|of; ug'{ ePsf] 5 . …dfgjÚ kfq xf], j[4f>d xf], ;+:d/0f xf], pkGof; xf] cyjf d[To' glhs k'u]sf] hLjgsf] wldnf] cfef; xf] . w]/} cy{ nfUg ;S5g\ . hLjg, d[To', /fli6«otf, cfbz{, cfsfª\Iff clg ljleGg cj:yf ldn]/ ag]sf] 5 …dfgj ;+;f/ .Ú o;df hLjgsf] cj;fgglhs k'u]sf kfqx¿sf af“Rg] cfwf/ vf]Hg n]vs k|oTgzLn b]lvg' x'G5 . Tof] af“Rg] cfwf/ :jR5 / :jfledfg ;d]tsf] cfwf/ xf] . kl/jt{gfsf] ;+:d/0f jf cfTdj[tfGtåf/f aofg ul/Psf] o; syfdf b]z, /fhgLlt, /fhgLltsf lj8Djgfx¿ / gful/ssf st{Josf s'/fx¿ clg dflg;n] hLjgnfO{ s;/L af“Rg' kb{5 eGg] efjnfO{ n]vsn] efj's dg / cfbz{ / ljZn]if0ffTds dl:tissf] k|of]uåf/f emNsfpg' ePsf] 5 . cfh cy{Joj:yf, /fhgLlt, dfgj–hLjgsf ljleGg kmf“6df b]lvPsf ;+s6x¿sf] lg¿k0f ub}{ ltgsf] ;dfwfgtkm{ klg n]vs hfu?s b]lvg' EfPsf] 5 .
n]vssf] efiff ;/n 5, ;'af]w 5 . z}nL ;/; 5 . kf7snfO{ k6Øf/ nfUg]5}g eGg] d]/f] wf/0ff 5 . cfbz{ / efj'stfnfO{ s;}n] clns w]/} klg dfGg ;Snfg\ t/ pkGof;sf] ljifoj:t'n] dfu]sf] x'gfn] dnfO{ tL :jfutof]Uo nfu]sf 5g\ .=k|]d / /fli6«o efjgfsf] pRr af]wn] el/Psf] of] pkGof; n]vssf] cu|ufdL ;f]rsf] kl/0ffd xf] . xfd|f] ;dfhdf o:tf :ki6 ;Gb]z lbg] pkGof; klg rflxG5g\ . n]vs cfÏgf] n]vgdf :ki6 / Odfgbf/ b]lvg' ePsf] 5≤ pkGof;sf] ;kmntfsf nflu oL s'/f cfjZos x'G5g\ . cfÏgf] p2]Zo ;Dk|]lift ug{ n]vs ;kmn x'g'x'G5 . cGo pkGof; cem} clu a9]sf cfpg\ eGg] z'esfdgf n]vsnfO{ lbg rfxG5' .
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Kfl5Nnf]k6s g]kfnL cfVofgdf …dfgj ;+;f/Ú gfd}n] Pp6f k[ystf af]s]/ cfPsf] pkGof; xf] h;n] x/]ssf] hLjg ef]ufOnfO{ s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf ;d]6]sf] 5 . /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf dfgl;s ¿kn] pAhfpg] ;ª\sL0f{tf, lgtfGt JolQmjfbL ;+:sf/, :jfyL{ k|j[lQ / pkef]QmfjfbL cfj/0fnfO{ ljleGg kfqsf] dfWodaf6 ;'Id¿kdf s]nfPsf 5g\ pkGof;sf/ ;/0f /fO{n] . ls6]/}eGbf ;Dk"0f{ oyfy{x¿sf] Pp6f ;du| ¿ks xf] k|:t't pkGof; . o; k':ts pk;+xf/;lxt b'O{ v08df ljeflht 5 . syfn] dfgj hLjgk|ltsf] k|]dnfO{ uxg¿kdf lr/kmf/ u/]sf] 5 bfz{lgs lrGtgsf ;fy . st} klg Ps/;tf dx;'; gx'g] u/L a'lgPsf snfTds k+lQmx¿n] st}–st} eg] kf7s :jo+nfO{ cfÏgf] cl:tTjaf]w ug{ afWo kfl/lbG5g\ .
cf“;', ldng–lj5f]8, cf/f]x–cj/f]x, hLjgsf] psfnL–cf]/fnL, ldld{/]–uf]w"nL, cfx / pR5\jf;sf] ;ld>0f k|:t't pkGof; cfk}mdf Pp6f hLjg af“Rg] snfsf] pTs[i6 b[i6fGt xf] . n]vsn] dfG5]sf kL8fnfO{ clt glhsaf6 5fDg] k|oTg u/]sf 5g\ . b]zsf] /fhgLlts kl/j[QnfO{ d"ne"t ¿kdf p7fP/ b]zdf ljBdfg cGof]nnfO{ h:tfsf] t:t} ptf/]sf 5g\ . Ps} jfSodf eGbf Pp6L gf/Lsf] r/d ;kmntfsf] syf xf] of] . rfx] pm /fhgLltsdL{ xf];\ jf kj{tf/f]xL . k||wfgdGqL xf];\ jf j[4f>d–;~rflnsf cyjf Pp6L ;fdfGo u[lx0fL g} lsg gxf];\ .
s'g} klg hLjg cfkm}df ;fy{s x'“b}g a? o;nfO{ s;/L lhpg] eGg] k|Zg dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . …dfgj ;+;f/Ú cfk}mdf Pp6f bfz{lgs pkGof; xf] hxf“ hLjgnfO{ cToGt} snfTds ¿kdf lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . afa'sf] cg'xf/;Dd b]Vg gkfPsL Pp6L kfq lvgf}/L dft[jfT;Nosf] sn]j/df n'sfdf/L v]Nb} of}jgsf] v'8\lsnf] r9\g yfN5] . cefjsf sf/0f b'AnL, kftnL lvgf}/LnfO{ ljBfnosf Ps lzIfs ofofj/n] k|>o lbPkl5 p;sf] hLjgn] gof“ pmhf{ k|fKt u5{ . lzIffsf] pHofnf]n] p;df cu|ufdL kl/jt{g NofO{lbG5 / pm lvgf}/Laf6 kl/jt{gfdf ¿kfGtl/t x'G5] . pm pkGof;sf] d'nkfq klg xf] . r9\bf] of}jg;“u} p;df :qL;'ne nHhf / ;dk{0fsf] efj ljsl;t x'b} hfG5 . …d}n] ;/nfO{ d]/f] :qL;'ne ev{/ kmlqm“b} u/]sf] d]/f] of}jg;“u kf}7]hf]/L v]Ngsf lglDt cg]s xfjefj, s6fIf / dfofn' s'/fx¿ u/]/ cfdGq0f u/]Ú, hjfg cfd o'jtLx¿sf] h:t} kl/jt{gfsf] dgsf] pb\j]u xf] of] . p;n] qmdzM c“Wof/f] / pHofnf]aLrsf] cGt/ yfxf kfp“5] . x/]s k'/fgf ljrf/ / l;4fGtnfO{ ;dosf] /Ïtf/n] k5fl8 ws]Nb} / eTsfp“b} hfG5 eGg] s'/f a'‰g yfN5] . pkGof;le` y'k|} To:tf ljifo 5g\ h;n] x/]snfO{ cfÏgf] lhhLljiffsf] af]w u/fp“5 .
syf ;'?b]lv cGTo;Dd k|]dsf] ;]/f]k]m/f]df 5 . hjfg l76fl76Ln] Pscsf{df ug]{ k|]d xf];\ of lzIfsn] cfÏgL 5fqfnfO{ ug]{ k|]d cyjf cfdfn] cfÏgf ;Gtfgk|lt ug]{ k|]d g} lsg gxf];\ . of Pp6L ;fyLn] csL{nfO{ ug{] k|]d . …afa'–cfdfsf] dg 5f]/f5f]/L dfly, 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] dg 9'“ufd'9f dflyÚ eGg] g]kfnL pvfgnfO{ rl/tfy{ ug{ d"nkfq kl/jt{gfsf ;Gtfg kf?xfË / gfo'dfn] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf 5g\ .
of] pkGof;df Psftk{m dfgjsf] j[4fj:yfsf] efjfj]z, dgf]bzf / k|j[lQnfO{ s]nfOPsf] 5 eg] csf]{tk{m Pp6f n]vsn] hLjgnfO{ slt glhsaf6 cg'e"t ubf]{/x]5 eGg] oyfy{nfO{ klg k|i6ØfOPsf] 5 . To;f] t k|:t't pkGof;sf] efjkIf cln hl6n nfUg ;S5 . n]vsn] a9L ;flxlTos aGg gvf]hLsg ;/ntfnfO{ j:t'ut ¿kdf ;d]6\g ;s]sf] eP …dfgj ;+;f/Ú cem pTs[i6 x'g] lyof] .
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Dfflg;sf] hLjg, d[To', /fli6«otf, cfbz{, dfgjLo cfsfª\Iff clg dfG5]sf] hLjgsf ljleGg cj:yf ldn]/ ag]sf] 5 of] pkGof; . o;df hLjgsf] cj;fgglhs k'u]sf dflg;x¿sf] af“Rg] :jR5 / :jfledfgsf] cfwf/ vf]Hg n]vs k|oTgzLn /x]sf 5g\ .=== o; pkGof;df b]z, /fhgLlt, /fhgLlts lj8Dagf / gful/ssf st{Josf s'/fsf ;fy} dflg;n] s;/L af“Rg'k5{ eGg] efjnfO{ pkGof;sf/n] efj's dg, cfbz{ / ljZn]if0ffTds dl:tissf] k|of]uåf/f ;/n, ;xh ¿kdf AoQm ug{ vf]h]sf 5g\ .
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;flxlTos j[Qdf Tolt rrf{df cfpg] gfd t xf]Og Tof] gfd t/ /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts Tfyf ;dfh ;]jfsf] If]qdf eg] em08} rf/ bzssf nfdf] sfnv08 latfO;s]sf] 5 . /fhgLlt, k|fWofkg tyf ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts cf/f]x–cj/f]xnfO{ glhsaf6 5fd]sf] gfdn] tLgj6f s[lt hGdfPsf] 5 km/skm/s lawf cyf{t sljtf, lgaGw / pkGof;df . /fhwfgLaf6 6f9f df]km;ndf /dfO/xg] Pp6f sd{zLn ;|i6fsf] gfd xf] — ;/0f /fO{ / xfn} pgsf] gjLgtd cf}kGofl;s s[lt ahf/df cfPsf] 5 …dfgj ;+;f/Ú gfd lnP/ .
==cfTdj[tfGtut z}nLdf l;g]dfsf] ÏNof;Aofsz}nL ;fk6L lnP/ k|:t't ul/Psf] pkGof; eGbf x'G5 of] pkGof; dfgj ;+;f/nfO{, s]xL /fhgLlt, s]xL cfbz{ kl/sNkgf, s]xL hLjg / d[To'sf] kl/efiff / s]xL efj's dgsf] pb\j]u–på]ngsf] rl/qsf ¿kdf k|:t't pkGof;n] k|:t'ltdf gof“kg gNofP klg ljifout p7fgsf ¿kdf gof“ cfbz{jfbL z}nLsf] ;"qkft u/]sf] 5 . k'“hLjfbL ;ª\qmd0fsfndf lvgf}/L eGg] kfq kl/jt{gfdf ¿kfGtl/t ePsf] 5 p;sf] cfTdj[tfGTfdf jl0f{t ;fdflhs cy{ Joj:yfn] cfh xfdL af“r]sf] o'u / kl/j]zsf] ;du|lrq k]z u/]sf] 5 . st} cfbz{ / efj'stfsf] nx8df pkGof;sf/ aUb} uP klg ;fy{s p2]Zolt/ nDs]sf] pkGof;n] cu|ufdL af6f] kqm]sf] 5 . elTsPsf ;kgfx¿nfO{ sNkgfsf] p8fgåf/f ;fsf/ kfg{ vf]Hbf hGdg k'u]sf] xf] of] pkGof; / o;sf] :jLsf/f]lQm klg pkGof;sf/af6} ePsf] 5 . hLjgl;t aUb} uPsf] pkGof;sf] gfos dfgjsf] hLjg rl/qn] w]/} cy{x¿sf] k|If]k0f u/]sf] 5 hxf“ dfgj ;Í6sf] lg?k0fsf] dfu{ klxNofpg] k|oTg;d]t ul/Psf] 5 .
Efm08} tLg bzs cufl8b]lv sljtf n]vgtkm{ k|j[Q lyP ;/0f /fO{ . k];fut lhDd]jf/L ;DxfNb} cfh hLjgsf] 5}6f}“ bzs 6]Sg k'Ubf cfÏgf] hLjg;lËgLsf] j[4f>d agfpg] / cfkm"x¿ To;}df /xg] rfxgfnfO{ ef}lts ¿kdf k"/f ug{ g;s]sf sf/0f …dfgjÚ kfqnfO{ j[4f>dsf] kl/k"/s agfP/ cf}kGofl;s j[4f>d lgdf{0f u/] . pgn] agfPsf] cf}kGofl;s j[4f>dleq dfcf]jfbL hgo'4sf] ;f}Gbo{zf:q, h;sf sf/0fn] d'n'sdf :yflkt, nf]stflGqs u0ftGq, aLrdf ;fdGtjfb–;+;bjfbsf] ;]/f]k]m/f]df eP u/]sf c;dfg ;lGw ;k{gx¿, ;+;bjfbL bnx¿sf] ;QflnK;fsf sf/0f ePsf 3LgnfUbf n]gb]gx¿ / o:t} hLjgnfO{ xNnfpg] 36gf–kl/36gfx¿sf] k]mxl/:t aGg k'u]sf] 5 k|:t't pkGof; .
of] pkGof;nfO{ ;/b/ pkGof;sf] nx/df /fVbf ;Da4 ;h{snfO{ cGofo geP klg wd{ lg/k]Iftf / hftLo ;b\efjsf] kl/ro eg] hlt g} dxŒjsf ;fy oxf“ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . /fO{sf] ljrf/ / bz{g k|ultjfb xf] t/ k|ultjfb ;j{yf km/flsnf] / k|of]ujfbL z}nLdf pkGof;df k|o'Qm eP/ cfPsf] 5 .
cNkljsl;t b]zsf] ;dfh, ;flxTo, ;+:s[lt / ;+:sf/nfO{ Toxf“sf] ;Qf /fhgLltn] k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 . ;Qf /fhgLltnfO{ ;xL dfu{df 8f]¥ofpg pkGof;df st} laDa / k|tLs t st} ;sf/fTds cfu|xsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . 8f= ;f}Gbof{, kl/jt{gf / dfgjh:tf d'Vo kfqx¿ ;Qf /fhgLltl;t k|ToIf / k/f]If¿kdf au]sf 5g\ . Pp6f lab|"k rl/q / kl/j]znfO{ ;Toofqfdf nfUg ck|ToIf cfu|xsf] kl/rfos /x]sf] k|:t't pkGof;n] g]kfnL cf}kGofl;s ofqfdf pkl:ylt b]vfPsf] 5 .
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Dffgj ;+;f/df Pp6L aflnsfn] cfÏgf] afNosfndf ef]u]sf] b'Mv ;'vx¿df ;s];Dd ;/n 9Ëdf k|sfz ePsf 5g\ . pkGof;sf] ljifonfO{ ;+:d/0fsf dfWodaf6 j[Qfsf/Lo z}nLdf k|sfz ug]{ k|of; ePsf] 5, o;sf] nIodf yf]qf ljrf/ / l;4fGtnfO{ cfd"n kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{ b]vfOPsf] 5 . kfqx¿n] /fhgLlt klg ;kmf / ;'Gb/ ag]sf] x]g{] OR5f /fv]sf 5g\ .
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Dffgj ;+;f/ pkGof;n] ;+;f/sf] eGbf klg g]kfnsf] kl/j]znfO{ ;d]6\g] k|of; u/]sf] 5 . pkGof; j[4f>d vf]Ng] ;fdfGo ljifoaf6 ;'? eP klg o;df d"ntM /fhgLlt, wd{, ;+:sf/, d[To', k|]d, qmflGt h:tf ljifox¿ ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . d[To'nfO{ dxfg\ JolQmn] klg l:jsfg'{ kg]{ ;Gb]zx¿ o; pkGof;df kfOG5 . ;/0f /fO{ pkGof;df gf/LjfbL eP/ b]vf k/]sf 5g\ / k|foM ;Tkfqx¿ dfq oxf“ pkl:yt b]lvG5g\ .
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…dfgj ;+;f/Ú pkGof;sf] d"NofÍg
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pkGof;sf/ ;/0f /fO{åf/f lnlvt dfgj ;+;f/ pkGof; d"ntM cfnf]rgfTds oyfy{jfbL wf/faf6 k|efljt ePsf] kfOG5 . lj= ;= @)^% ;fndf k|sflzt ;/0f /fO{sf] dfgj ;+;f/ pkGof; klxnf] k|of; xf] . lqe'jg ljZjljBfnodf lzIfs k]zfdf hflu/] /fO{ s]xL jif{b]lv cjsfz hLjg JotLt ul//x]sf 5g\ . ;f7Lcf} bzssf] ljz[ª\vlnt ;Dk"0f{ cg'ej cg'e"lt / ljrf/nfO{ cfÏgf] pkGof; dfgj ;+;f/df snfTdstfsf ;fy ;d]6]sf] kfOG5 . syf, sljtf, lgaGw lawfdf ;kmntf xfl;n ul/;s]sf ;/0f /fO{n] pkGof;df g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, wfld{s, ;f{:s[lts, /fhgLlts oyfy{ 36gfx¿nfO{ cfnf]rgfTdstfsf ;fy k|:t't u/]sf] kfOG5 . k|]d, k|0fo, klxnf] k':tf / bf];|f] k':tfaLr åGå, e"d08nLs/0fsf] k|efj, gf/Lsf] dxfgtf cfbL ljifoj:t'x¿df /f]rstfsf;fy dfgj ;+;f/ pkGof;df k|:t't ePsf] kfOG5 . rl/q lrq0fsf cfwf/df pkGof; ;an /x]sf] b]lvG5 . k|d'v, ;xfos / uf}0f kfqsf] cfjZos pkl:yltn] pkGof;nfO{ bl/nf] agfPsf] kfOG5 . g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts, cfly{s cj:yfsf] lj;ª\ult kIfnfO{ Joª\Uo ug]{ ljj]Ro pkGof;sf] j:t', kfq, efiff ;'xfp“bf] 5 . dfgj ;+;f/ pkGof;sf] syfgs 9f“rf j[Qsf/Lo 5 -bfxfn ≤ @)^% M @_ . k|ydk'?if / t[tLok'?if b[li6laGb' /x]sf] dfgj ;+;f/ pkGof;nfO{ ljleGg sf]0faf6 d"NofÍg ubf{ pko'Qm x'G5 .
dfgj ;+;f/ pkGof;nfO{ cfnf]rgfTds oyfy{jfbL wf/fcGtu{t /fv]/ d"NofÍ0f ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fdflhs cGwljZjf;, s'k|yf, cGofo, cTofrf/, k|ult pGgltlt/ ult/f]w ug]{ clxts/ sfo{x¿nfO{ cWoog, cfnf]rgf, ljZn]if0f, JofVof ug]{ k|j[lQnfO{ cfnf]rgfTds oyfy{jfb elgG5 -k|wfg≤@)^!M!$(_ . dfgj ;+;f/ pkGof;sf] gflosf kl/jt{gfsf] jfNosflng ;fdflhs cj:yf hftLo e]befj / ul/aLsf] sf/0f b'Mvbk"0f{ /x]sf] x'G5 . tfTsflng ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhgLlts, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts cj:yfnfO{ h:tfsf]t:t} ¿kdf k|:t't ug'{sf ;fy} pkGof;sf/n] o;af/] l6sfl6Kk0fL, JofVof, ljZn]if0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . Psflt/ pkGof;sf/n] kl/jt{gf tyf cGo kfqx¿af6 b]zsf] c/fhs l:ylt, zf]ifs ;fdGtn] ul/a lgd'vfk|lt u/]sf] ceb| Jojxf/, e|i6frf/, sld;gvf]/ k|j[lQ, ul/a emg ul/a x'g] la8Dagf, /fhgLlts cl:y/tfsf] sf/0f b]z cwf]ulttkm{ a9]sf] l:ylt b]vfPsf 5g\ eg] csf]{lt/ oyfl:yltk|ltsf] ljb|f]x, ;fdflhs lj;ª\ultsf] cfnf]rgf, cg'zf;gxLg / hglj/f]wL tŒjx¿;“u h'Wg'kg]{ c7f]6 pkGof;sf/sf] /x]sf] 5 . kl/jt{gfsf] tTsflng ult/f]wnfO{ qmdzM cGTo u/L b]znfO{ Pp6f k|ult / pGglttkm{ nfg] k|of; ;kmn ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;sf/0f dfgj ;+;f/ pkGof;df pkGof;sf/ ;/0f /fO{n] ;d;fdlos 36gfnfO{ k|:t't u/L To;k|lt ljj]rgf, cfnf]rgf tyf cfÏgf] b[li6sf]0f k|:t't u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
k|ultjfbL tyf ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbL k|j[lQx¿ dfgj ;+;f/ pkGof;df b]lvG5 . ;fdGtjfbL k4ltsf] lj/f]w, ul/a lgd'vf hgtfsf] kIfdf af]Ng], ;dfhjfbL 9f“rfdf ;Dk"0f{nfO{ abNg] OR5f /fVg] lrGts, ljrf/s k|ultjfbLleq kb{5g\ -;'a]bL ≤@)^$M!@@ _ . k|ultjfbL tyf ;dfhjfbL wf/fcGtu{t /x]/ syfx¿ l;h{gf ug]{ ;/0f /fO{n] cfÏgf] pkGof; dfgj ;+;f/df k|ultjfbL :j/ phfu/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ul/a kl/jf/df x's]{sL o; pkGof;sL gflosf kl/jt{gf ;fdGtL ;+:sf/sf] lj/f]w u5]{ / ul/a lgd'vf zf]if0fdf k/]sf hgtfx¿sf] kIfdf pleG5] . kl/jt{gf ;fdGtL ;/sf/sf] cfGbf]ngdf ;xefuL X'G5] . ufp“ufp“df uP/ ul/a hgtfsf] pGglt ljsf; ug{ ;dlk{t x'G5] . s'zn k|wfgdGqL eP/ g]kfnL hgtfsf] kIfdf sfd ug]{ / k'“hLjfbL ;fdGtLx¿sf] cGTo ug{ nflukg]{ kl/jt{gfsf] ljrf/ k|ultjfbn] cf]tk|f]t ePsf] b]lvG5 . kl/jt{gf gfd}n] klg k|ult / pGglt pGd'v b]lvG5 . To;}n] k|ultjfbnfO{ ;flxTodf snfTdstfsf ;fy k|:t't ug]{ ;/0f /fO{ o; dfgj ;+;f/ pkGof;df klg Tolts} ;hs / ;kmn b]lvG5g\ .
dfgj ;+;f/ pkGof;df :jR5GbtfjfbL k|j[lQx¿ klg b]lvG5 . efj'stf, k|s[ltk|]d, k|]d k|;ª\u, cfWoflTds r]t, ljb|f]x, qmflGt cfbL k|j[lQ ePsf] ;'wf/jfbL cfbz{ / knfogjfbL oyfy{sf] kIfdf s]lGb|t /x]sf] jfb g} :jR5Gbjfb xf] -;'j]bL≤@)^$M*#,*$_ . kl/jt{gfn] lzIfs ofofj/;“u u/]sf] k|]d, ;dk{0f, efj'skg cfbLnfO{ lgs} /f]rstfsf ;fy :jR5GbjfbL z}nLdf ;/0f /fO{n] dfgj ;+;f/ pkGof;df k|:t't u/]sf] kfOG5 . lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{sf k|fs[lts 56fx¿, ;'Gb/ / dgf]x/ b[iox¿sf] j0f{gn] ljj]Ro pkGof; pTs[i6 ag]sf] b]lvG5 . kl/jt{gf / ofofj/sf] ef]uljnf;, kl/jt{gf / uf]s'n …dfgjÚsf] cfTdLo k|]d, lgd{nfsf] uf]s'n …dfgjÚk|ltsf] Psf]xf]/f] cfsif{0f, cfGtl/s åGå ;fy} ;dfh kl/jt{gsf] nflu kl/jt{gf, ofofj/, uf]s'n …dfgjÚ, 8f= ;f}Gbof{ cfbL kfqx¿n] u/]sf] qmflGt, k/Dk/fk|ltsf] ljb|f]x / k|s[lttk{msf] e'msfj, efj's ;+j]bgf, :jlKgn cfsfª\Iff, cGd{'vL cfTdle/fd cfbLn] ubf{ dfgj ;+;f/ pkGof; :jR5GbtfjfbL aGg k'u]sf] b]lvG5 .
lj;ËltjfbL tyf cl:tTjjfbL k|j[lQsf cfwf/df klg dfgj ;+;f/ pkGof;nfO{ d"NofÍg ug{ ;lsG5 . nfdf] ;ª\3if{kl5 ;kmntf k|fKt x'“b}g / s]jn lg/fzf, s'07f / lj;Ëltsf l:ylt b]vf k5{ eg] ToxL g} lj;Ëltjfb xf] -;'j]bL≤@)^$M@(%_ . b]zsf] /fhgLlts cj:yf, ufp“n]x¿sf] bogLo l:ylt, cJojl:yt ;x/Ls/0f cfbLn] ubf{ kl/jt{gdf s]xL lj;ª\ultsf /]vfx¿ b]Vg ;lsG5 . 8f= ;f}Gbof{df cfÏgf] k|]dLn] wf]sf lbP kl5 slxNo} ljx] gug]{ ;ª\sNk ug'{ / nf]Ug] dfG5]x¿nfO{ ljZjf; gug'{ lj;ËltjfbL ;f]r xf] . lzIfs ofofj/ klg Ps} 7fp“df a:g g?rfpg] lj;Ëlt / hLjgk|lt lg/fz eO{ rf/}lt/ lx8\g ?rfpg] kfq xf] . hLjgk|ltsf] cf:yf, cl:dtfsf] nflu ;ª\3if{, ;+:s[lt / b'is[ltx¿k|lt cfGtl/s ljb|f]x, ljkl/t of}g ef]usf] cg'e"lt cfbL k|j[lQx¿ cl:tTjjfbcGtu{t kb{5g\ -;'j]bL ≤@)^$M##)–##$_ . lvgf}/Ln] ofofj/;“u u/]sf] ef]uljnf; / k|fKt ;Gt'i6L, t[lKt, kl/jt{gfsf] cfdfn] u/]sf] hLjg ;ª\3if{, kl/jt{gf ljleGg ;d:ofnfO{ e]mNb} Pp6f ;kmn cf/f]xL aGg', k|wfgdGqL x'g' / j[4f>d lgdf{0f ug'{ cfbL p;df cl:tTjjfbL r]t h'/d'/fPsf] b]lvG5 . 8f= ;f}Gbof{df lj;ª\ultjfbL ;f]r eP klg cfÏgf] ;Dk"0f{ ;DklQ afncf>dnfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug'{, z/L/ bfg ug{sf;fy} k|efgdGqL eP/ ljleGg dxŒjk"0f{ sfd ug'{n] p;df klg cl:tTjjfb e]6\g ;lsG5 . To;}n] o; pkGof;sf kfqx¿ lj;ª\ultsf] af]w ePkl5 cl:tTjtkm{ pGd'v ePsf kfOG5g\ . c? kfqx¿ klg hf]z, hfu/ k|z:t ePsf] b]Vg ;lsG5 . To;}sf/0f lj;ª\ultjfbL tyf cl:tTjjfbL k|j[lQ dfgj ;+;f/ pkGof;df /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
gf/LjfbL :j/x¿ dfgj ;+;f/ pkGof;df emlNsPsf] kfOG5 . d'Vo kfqx¿ g} gf/L ePsf]n] gf/LjfbL ljrf/x¿ u'~hfodfg ePsf] ljj]Ro pkGof;df gf/L :jtGqtf, gf/L cl:dtf, n}ª\lus e]befjsf] lj/f]wcfbLh:tf k|j[lQx¿ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . kl/jt{gf Pp6f lgDgjuL{o gf/L eP/ ljZjljVoft ePsL 5] . ;jf{]Rr lzv/ ;u/dfyfsf] ;kmn cf/f]x0f u/]sL pm Pp6f ;kmn k|wfgdGqL ag]/ pbfx/0f ag]sL 5] . 8f= ;f}Gbof{ klg To:t} csf]{ pbfx/0f xf] . pkGof;sf/ ;/0f /fO{n] dfgj ;+;f/ pkGof;df gf/Ln] u/]sf] ;ª\3if{ / k|fKt ;kmntf, pgLx¿sf] ;f]r ljrf/ k'?ifsf] ;dfg /x]sf] b]vfO{ gf/L / k'?if ;dfg x'g\ eGg] ljrf/ JoQm u/]sf] kfOG5 .
dfgj ;+;f/ pkGof;df kfqx¿sf] cfGtl/s / afx\o b'j} dgsf] lrq0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . pkGof;sf/ ;/0f /fO{n] dgf]ljZn]if0ffTds tj/af6 kfqsf dgsf kqx¿ s]nfpg] k|of; u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lvgf}/Lsf] dgdf p7]sf] cfGtl/s / afxØ t/ª\ux¿, kl/jt{gfdf uf]s'n …dfgjÚk|lt p7]sf leqL dgsf lh1f;fx¿, k|]dLn] 5f]8]/ hf“bf k|]ldsfsf dgdf pAh]sf lj5f]8sf If0fx¿cfbLnfO{ dgf]ljZn]if0ffTds k4ltaf6 /fO{n] ljj]Ro pkGof;df k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ .
;du|df ;/0f /fO{sf] dfgj ;+;f/ pkGof;n] cfnf]rgfTds oyfy{jfbL wf/fcGtu{t /x]/ k|ultjfbL d"No dfGotfnfO{ klg JoQm u/]sf] kfOG5 . o; pkGof;df oyfy{jfb, dgf]lj1fg, :jR5Gbjfb, cl:tTj tyf lj;ª\ultjfb, cltoyfy{jfb, gf/Ljfb cfbL jfbx¿ e]6\g ;lsG5 .
;du|df /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, k|]d–k|0fo, qmflGt, wd{, ;+:sf/, kl/jt{g cfbL ljifoj:t'nfO{ lgtfGt df}lns 9Ëdf pkGof;sf/ ;/0f /fO{n] dfgj ;+;f/ pkGof;df lrlqt u/]sfn] g]kfnL pkGof; ;flxTodf pkGof;sf/ ;/0f /fO{sf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
;/0f /fO{sf] cfVofgsfl/tf
ck|sflzt -lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, dfgljsL / ;fdflhszf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t dx]Gb| jx'd'vL SofDk; w/fg, g]kfnL ljefusf] :gftsf]Q/ tx bf];|f] jif{sf] b;f}“ kqsf] k|of]hgfy{ k|:t't zf]wkq _ af6 .
;/0f /fO{sf syfx¿sf] d"NofÍg
—ls/0f k/fh'nL
;/0f /fO{n] cfÏgf syfx¿df xfd|} ;dfh / To; j/k/sf ljifoj:t'nfO{ k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . /fO{n] cfÏgf syfx¿df ;fdflhs, cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts, /fhgLltscfbL ljifoj:t'sf] rog u/]sf 5g\ . pgsf …laxfgsf] k|tLIffdfÚ, …Anfsaf]8{, rs / 8:6/Ú, …/d]zaxfb'/Ú, …k|]/0ffsf] ;fgf] lemNsf]Ú cfbL syfx¿ ;fdflhs ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t /x]sf 5g\ eg] …kfksf] lg/Gt/ qmldstfÚ, …clGtd :jLsf/f]lQmÚh:tf syf /fhg}lts ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t /x]sf 5g\ .
/fO{sf s'g} syfx¿df lj;ª\ltjfbL, cl:tTjjfbL tyf dgf]j}1flgs lrGtgsf] k|efj k/]klg To;n] alnof] u/L :yfg hdfpg ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . To;}n] ;fdflhs oyfy{jfbL, lj;ª\ultjfbL, cl:tTjjfbL, dgf]j}1flgs syfsf] wf/df pleg vf]h]tf klg pgsf ;du| syfdf /d]z ljsnsf] k|efj k/]sfn] pgnfO{ ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbL syfsf/sf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . pgL o; o'usf ;a} lsl;dsf ;Gbe{ / kl/j]znfO{ cfÏgf] syfdf c6fpg] k|of; u5{g\, o'u r]tgf eg]{ u5{g\ .
pgsf tL ;du| syfx¿sf] ljifoj:t' ;fdflhs w/ftnaf6 l6lkPsf b]lvG5g\ . ljz]ift tNnf] ju{, zf]liftju{ / ;LdfGtLs[tju{sf kIfdf pgsf] n]vgL e'ms]sf] kfOG5 . pgsf] …laxfgsf] k|tLIffdfÚ syfdf Pp6f ul/a kl/jf/sf] sf?l0fs hLjg k|:t't ub}{ ul/a, zf]lift, kLl8tx¿n] ul/aL, zf]if0f, cGofo, cTofrf/ ;xg'k/] tfklg Pslbg lgZro g} gof“ laxfg cfpg] cfzf syfsf/n] JoQm u/]/ k|ultjfbL b[li6sf]0f k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . …/d]zaxfb'/Ú syfsf] gfos /d]zsf dfWodaf6 g]kfnL ;dfhsf ul/a JolQmx¿n] ;w}“ ul/aLdf g} hLjg JotLt ug'{ k/]sf] oyfy{ k|:t't ul/Psf] kfOPsf] 5 . Pp6f lzIfssf] dfld{s sxfgLnfO{ …Anfsaf]8{, rs / 8:6/Úsyfsf dfWodaf6 k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . …v/fa ;f]rfOÚ syfdf …jgsf] af3n] vfg' sxf“ 5 dgsf] af3n] vfG5Ú eGg] pvfgnfO{ k|:t't ug{ …dÚkfqsf dgdf cg]s v/fa ;f]rfOx¿ k|j]z u/fOPsf 5g\ . …ha 3fd 8'Ag nfU5Úsyfdf ul/a / tNnf] ju{sf dflg;x¿ lbge/ c;kmn k|of;x¿ ug]{ / a]n'sf ePkl5 ef]lnsf] 3fdsf] em'Nsf];“u} cfÏgf] ;kmntfsf] ;'?jft x'g] sNkgf ug{ yfN5g\ eGg] s'/f p7fOG5 . …>flkt o'usf cbgf lhGbuLx¿Ú syfdf of] o'usf dfG5]x¿ ul/a, b'MvL, zf]lift, kLl8t ePsfn] of] o'u g} abNg kfP x'GYof] eGg] ljrf/ k|:t't ul/Psf] kfOG5 . …kfksf] lg/Gt/ qmldstfÚ syfdf syfsf/n] Pp6f ;fwf/0f dflg; ljleGg lgx'“ agfO{ /fhgLltsf] 7"nf] kbdf k'Ug] / To;sf] kl5 nfUg] g]kfnLx¿sf] rl/q pb\3f6g ul/Psf] kfOG5 . …k|]/0ffsf] ;fgf] lemNsf]Ú syfdf dflg;n] cfk"meGbf ;fgfaf6 klg k|]/0ff kfpg ;S5 eGg] s'/f 7"nLn] ;fgf] s]6f]af6 k|]/0ff kfPsf] b]vfP/ JoQm ul/Psf] 5 . …clGtd :jLsf/f]lQmÚ syf hgcfGbf]ng efu @sf] ;dodf n]lvPsf] P]ltxfl;s dxŒjsf] syf ePsf] s'/f /fO{;“usf] e]6jftf{df JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . o; syfdf hgtfsf] kIfdf n8\g]x¿sf] hlxn] klg ljho x'g] ljifo k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
;/0f /fO{sf] hLjgL, JolQmTj / s[ltTj— Ps cWoog
ck|sflzt -lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, dfgljsL / ;fdflhszf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t dx]Gb| jx'd'vL SofDk; w/fg, g]kfnL ljefusf] :gftsf]Q/ tx bf];|f] jif{sf] b;f}“ kqsf] k|of]hgfy{ k|:t't zf]wkq _ af6
—xl/nfn kf08]
;du|df ;/0f /fO{sf syfx¿sf] cWoog ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;fdflhs w/ftnaf6 ljifoj:t' p7fg ePsf b]lvG5g\ . d'VotM ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbL wf/fnfO{ cjnDag u/L syfx¿sf] /rgf ug]{ /fO{sf syfx¿df cGofo cTofrf/df lklN;Psf tNnf]ju{ zf]lift ;LdfGts[t ju{cfbLsf] kIfdf jsfnt ul/Psf] x'G5 . tTsflng ;dosf] oyfy{ j:t'l:yltnfO{ ljleGg kfqx¿sf] dfWodaf6 syfsf/n] JoQm u/]sf] b]lvG5 . syfsf/ ;/0f /fO{n] laxfgsf] k|tLIffdf syfdf Pp6f ul/a kl/jf/sf] sf?l0fs cj:yfsf] lrq0f ub}{ zf]lift, kLl8t, ul/a, b'MvLx¿n] ljleGg cGofo, cTofrf/, zf]if0f, pTkL8g ;xg' k/]klg Ps lbg cjZo ul/asf] lbg lkm5{ / gof“ laxfg cjZo cfp“5 eGg] ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbL ljrf/ k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . dflg;x¿ lgolt lgb[i6 x'G5g\ / ;dfhdf ul/a JolQmx¿ ;w}“ ul/aLd} hLjg JotLt ug'{ kg]{ oyfy{ /d]zaxfb'/ syfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] kfOG5 . /fO{sf] Anfsaf]8{, rs / 8:6/ syfdf Pp6f lzIfssf] dfld{s cj:yfsf] lrq0f ug'{sf ;fy} p;sf OR5f cfsfª\Iffx¿ slxNo} k"/f gx'g] ljrf/ /x]sf] kfpg ;lsG5 . v/fa ;f]rfO syfdf …jgsf] af3n] vfg' sxf“ 5 sxf“, dgsf] af3n] vfG5Ú eGg] pvfgnfO{ k'li6 ug{ vf]lhPsf] b]lvG5 / kfqsf] dgdf cfPsf] v/fa ;f]rfOx¿nfO{ jf:tljs ¿kdf lbPsf] kfOG5 . dflg;x¿ PSnf] jf k'm;{b ePsf] ;dodf ljleGg ;dodf ljleGg gsf/fTds / c;fGble{s ljifox¿n] k|>o kfp“5g\ eGg] ljrf/ v/fa ;f]rfO syfdf syfsf/ /fO{sf] kfOG5 . /fO{sf] csf]{ syf >flkt o'usf cbgf lhGbuLx¿df o; o'usf dflg;x¿ ul/a, b'MvL, zf]lift, kLl8t ePsfn] o'u g} abNg kfP x'GYof] eGg] ljrf/ syfsf/sf] /x]sf] b]lvG5 . >Ldfg / >LdtLaLrsf] emu8fnfO{ ;fdfGo ¿kdf lng'k5{ eGg] wf/0ff klg o; syfdf syfsf/sf] /x]sf] 5 . ha 3fd 8'Ag nfU5 syfdf c;kmn ul/a kfq ef]lnsf] 3fdsf] e'mNsf];“u} cfÏgf] ;kmntfsf] ;'?jft x'g] sNkgf u5{ eGb} pHHjn eljiosf] cfzfdf /dfpg] o'jfx¿sf] ;d:ofx¿nfO{ lbzflgb]{z ul/Psf] kfOG5 . g]kfnsf] hgcfGbf]ngsflng ;dosf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhgLlts l:yltsf] ;hLj lrq0f kfksf] lg/Gt/ qmldstf syfdf syfsf/ /fO{n] u/]sf] kfOG5 . k|]/0ffsf] ;fgf] lemNsf] syfdf syfsf/ /fO{n] law'jf dlxnfsf] dgdf plAhPsf] b'Mv, j]bgf, p;n] ef]Ug' k/]sf] kL8f ;fy} 7"nf dflg;n] cfk"meGbf ;fgfaf6 klg k|]/0ff kfpg ;S5 eGg] s'/f 7"nL kfqn] ;fgf] s]6faf6 k|]/0ff kfPsf] b]vfP/ JoQm ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 . clGtd :jLsf/f]lQm hg cfGbf]ng efu—@sf] ;dodf n]lvPsf] pTs[i6 syf xf] . hgtfsf] lxtdf n8\g]x¿ hf] sf]xL klg ljho x'g] ljifo o; syfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . ;du|df /fO{sf syfx¿n] g]kfnL ;dfh, kl/j]znfO{ glhsaf6 5'g ;s]sf] b]lvG5 . b'O{ bzseGbf cufl8sf syfx¿ / jt{dfg cj:yfdf n]lvPsf syfx¿df leGgtf eP klg ljifoj:t' eg] ;fdflhs g} /x]sf] 5 . /fO{sf] ;kmn kIf eg]sf] o'ur]tgfsf] 5fof lrq b]vfpg] xf] . To;sf/0f ;/0f /fO{ g]kfnL ;flxTosf] cfVofgsf] syf lawfdf k|ultjfbnfO{ cfTd;ft u/L syfx¿ /rgf ug]{ dxŒjk"0f{ syfsf/ x'g\ . pgsf] of]ubfg g]kfnL ;flxTodf ct'ngLo 5 .
;/0f /fO{sf] cfVofgsfl/tf
ck|sflzt -lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, dfgljsL / ;fdflhszf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t dx]Gb| jx'd'vL SofDk; w/fg, g]kfnL ljefusf] :gftsf]Q/ tx bf];|f] jif{sf] b;f}“ kqsf] k|of]hgfy{ k|:t't zf]wkq _ af6
clGtd :jLsf/f]lQm
-syf ;ª\u|x_
—;femf k|sfzg
o;df ;ª\u[lxt k|foM syfx¿ ;fdflhs ;d:ofd} s]lGb|t 5g\ . /fhgLlts If]qdf b]lvPsf lj;ª\ult, k];fut wd{, hLjgk|ltsf] df]x / cfzfjfb, ;fdflhs lqmofsnfkdf kl/j]zn] kf/]sf] k|efj, dfgjLo cfTd;Ddfgh:tf ljifoj:t'dfly n]vssf] df}lns k|:t'ltn] syfTds ¿k / 9f“rf /f]rs agfPsf] 5 .
;ª\u|xsf syfx¿sf] z}nL / k|:t'lt cfsif{s 5 . ;a} syfx¿ clGjltd"ns tx;Dd k'u]sf 5g\ .
clGtd :jLsf/f]lQm-syf ;ª\u|x_ sf] e"ldsfaf6
;/0f /fO{sf lgaGwx¿sf] d"NofÍg
—ls/0f k/fh'nL
lgaGwsf/sf] ¿kdf ;/0f /fO{sf kRrL;j6f lgaGwx¿sf] ;ª\u|x ;fyL @)^$ ;fndf k|sflzt ePsf] 5 . o; leqsf lgaGwx¿df /fO{n] cfÏgf j}rfl/s wf/0ffx¿ JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . ;fyL lgaGwdf /fO{n] k|To]s dflg;sf ;fyLx¿ cjZo x'g] / tL ljleGg k|s[ltsf x'g] ljifo k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . pgL ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnnfO{ Pp6f 3/ / g]kfnLnfO{ Pp6f kl/jf/ dfg]/ lgaGw n]Vg] lgaGwsf/ x'g\ . g]kfnLx¿ kl/>dL ePsfn] l56} ;d[l4sf] af6f]lt/ nDsg] ljrf/ k|:t't u/]sf lgaGwx¿ n]v]sf 5g\ . pgsf lgaGwdf g]kfnLx¿sf cf“vf cfkm} gem's]/ / /fhg}lt1x¿n] e'msfPsf s'/f k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . k|To]s JolQmdf b]z, hgtf / cfkmGtx¿sf k|lt s'g} g s'g} bfloTj /xg] s'/f klg lgaGwdf k|:t't ePsf 5g\ . pgsf lgaGw ;dfh;]jfnfO{ d'Vo ljifoj:t' agfPsf klg 5g\ h;df b]znfO{ ;dfh;]jLx¿sf] vf“rf] /x]sf] ljifo k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . pgsf lgaGwx¿df /fhg}lts ljifoj:t'x¿ k|:t't ub}{ c;t\ /fhgLltsf] lj/f]wdf cfjfh a'nGb u/fpg cfu|x ul/Psf ljifo klg ;dflji6 5g\ . o; b'lgofdf h'g;'s} s'/f klg gSsnL ePsf] ljifo pgsf lgaGwdf k|:t't ePsf] kfOG5 . oL lgaGwx¿df …d]/f] 3/ d]/f] kl/jf/Ú, e'ms]sf cf“vfx¿Ú, lrgf? Dflg;x¿Ú cfbL kb{5g\ . cfh k'/fgf s'/fx¿df w]/} kl/jt{g eO;s]sf] ljifo klg pgn] cfÏgf] lgaGwx¿df k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ / Pp6f ul/asf] k"/} lhGbuL b'Mv} b'Mvdf lat]sf] s'/fx¿ k|:t't ePsf 5g\ . /fO{sf lgaGwx¿df k|s[ltsf] ;'Gb/ jftfj/0fdf /Dg] dflg;sf] k|j[lQdf kl/jt{g cfP/ cfhsf] k|ljlwsf] ljsf;;“u} cfw'lgstftkm{ 9lNsPsf] ljifo klg k|:t't ePsf 5g\ / /fO{sf] lgaGwdf k'/fgf gof“ k':tfdf x'g] lj;ª\ultnfO{ klg ljifoj:t' agfPsf] b]lvG5 . pgsf lgaGwdf cfhsf] sf]nfxndo jftfj/0fdf htftt} xTof, lx+;f, cftÍ eO/x]sf] ;d;fdlos ljifo k|:t't ePsf] 5 / dfG5] lrGtfdf k/]sf] ljifo k|:t't ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
/fO{sf lgaGwx¿df dfG5]sf] Ps k6s kfPsf] hLjgnfO{ cfgGbk"j{s latfpg' kg]{ s'/f klg k|:t't ul/Psf kfOG5g\ . /fO{sf lgaGwdf hLjg oxL xf] eg]/ eGg g;lsg] cj:yf /x]sf] s'/f k|:t't ub}{ JolQm, :yfg / ;docg';f/ hLjgnfO{ x]g]{ b[li6sf]0fdf leGgtf /xg] oyfy{ k|sfzg ePsf] kfOG5 . pgsf lgaGwdf cfhsf dflg;x¿ h'g;'s} ljifodf klg u'gf;f] ug]{ t/ To;sf] ;dfwfgtk{m gnfUg] s'/f k|:t't ul/Psf] kfOG5 . pgsf lgaGwdf cfhsf] ;+;f/df sxL klg ;'v, zflGt / cdgr}g gePsf] ;do;fdlos jf:tljstf k|:t't ub}{ dfG5]n] sNkgfd} eP klg /dfpg' kg]{ ljrf/ JoQm ePsf] kfOG5 . pgsf lgaGwdf ;a}sf cGgbftf eP/ klg ls;fg ul/a / ef]sf x'g] cj:yf /x]sf] s'/f k|:t't ub}{ o:tf dxfg\ ls;fgx¿sf] p4f/ x'g'kg]{ ljifo k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . pgsf lgaGwdf of] ;+;f/ e|ddf g} c8]sf] ljifo k|:t't ub}{ oxf“ ;a} s'/fdf e|d /x]sf] s'/f k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . dfG5]sf] k"j{hGd / k"gh{Gd, of] ;[li6 ;a} e|d /x]sf] s'/f lgaGwsf] ljifo /x]sf] 5 . /fO{sf lgaGwdf hf]sf]xL dfG5]sf] dg ;w}+ 56kl6 /xg] ljifo k|:t't ePsf] 5 . o:t} cGo lgaGwdf dfG5]sf] hGdb]lv p;sf] hLjg ofqf ;'? x'g] / clGtd la;f}gL cyf{t d[To'df k'u]/ ofqf k"/f x'g] ljifo k|:t't ub}{ o;aLrdf s}of}+ 3'DtL / df]8x¿ kf/ ug'{ kg]{ s'/f d'Vo ¿kdf cfPsf kfOPsf 5g\ . To:t} ;a} dflg;x¿n] Pslbg clGtd la;f}gLdf k'Ug}kg]{ oyfy{ klg lgaGwx¿df JoQm ul/Psf] kfOG5 . oL lgaGwx¿df …u'gf;f] lsg <Ú, …sNkgfsf] cfsfzÚ, …dgsf] 56kl6Ú, …e|dÚ, …clGtd la;f}gLÚ d'Vo 5g\ .
;/0f /fO{ g]kfnL ;flxTodf jx'lawfdf snd rnfpg] ;dsfnLg ;dodf k|ltefsf ¿kdf b]vf k/]sf x:tfIf/ x'g\ . pgL xfd|} ;dfhdf /x]sf ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhg}lts, ;f+:s[lts cfbL ljifoj:t'nfO{ cfÏgf /rgfdf k|sfz kf5{g\ . pgsf] n]vgL g]kfnL ;flxTosf] k|ultjfbL wf/fcGtu{t /x]sf] b]lvG5 . pgL ;/n efiffsf k|:tf]tf / pkdfx¿ e/]/ /rgf ug]{ ;flxTosf/ x'g\ . pgsf] ;flxToofqfn] cfh rn]sf ;flxlTos df]8x¿ k5Øfpg], rn]sf wf/fx¿df aUg] k|of; / ;donfO{ e]6\g] hdsf{] u/]sf] 5 .
;/0f /fO{sf] hLjgL, JolQmTj / s[ltTj— Ps cWoog
ck|sflzt -lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, dfgljsL / ;fdflhszf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t dx]Gb| jx'd'vL SofDk; w/fg, g]kfnL ljefusf] :gftsf]Q/ tx bf];|f] jif{sf] b;f}“ kqsf] k|of]hgfy{ k|:t't zf]wkq _ af6
—8f= v]d bfxfn
;/0fs'df/ /fO{ -@))$_ sf] k|Wofkg k];fdf nfdf] ;do lat]sf] xf] . /fO{sf] n]vgdf k|fWofks x'g'eGbf cufl8sf] ljBfyL{ hLjg pmhf{ ePsf] kfOG5 . k|Wofkg k];fdf nfu]/ lrGtgsf] ulx/fOnfO{ lj:tf/ ub}{ nu]/ Pp6f uDeL/ uBdf xft xfNg] /fO{n] k|ultjfbL jf oyfy{jfbL lgaGwx¿;“u ldNg] nIf0f ePsf cToGt 5f]6f / s]xL nfdf cfsf/sf lgaGw l;h{gf u/]sf]] kfOG5 h;sf] efiffz}nL ;/n / ;/; klg 5 .
;fyL -lgaGw ;ª\u|x+_ sf] e"ldsf af6
नोदनिधि बराल
सरण राई यथार्थवादी–प्रगतिवादी धाराका निबन्धकार हुन् । उनको साहित्ययात्रा वि. सं. २०२२ को दैलो पत्रिकामा प्रकाशित भ्रम शीर्षकको कविताबाट प्रारम्भ भएको हो । कविता विधाबाट प्रारम्भ भएको उनको साहित्ययात्रा निबन्ध, कथा र उपन्याससम्म विस्तारित भएको छ । सरण राईले आफ्नो साहित्ययात्राका क्रममा समाजका यथार्थ घटनाहरुलाई मुख्य विषयवस्तु बनाएका छन् । उनका निबन्धहरूमा यथार्थता उद्घाटन भएको हुन्छ । उनका निबन्धमा बौद्धिकताको प्रयोग पनि भएको पाइन्छ । समाजका विकृति र विसङ्तिप्रति व्यङ्ग्यात्मक प्रस्तुति गर्ने शिल्प पनि राइृका निबन्धमा भेटिने महत्वपूर्ण पक्ष हो । समाजका जल्दाबल्दा समस्याहरूलाई आफ्ना निबन्धमा प्रस्तुत गर्दै ती समस्याहरूको निराकरण गर्नु उनको निबन्धगत प्रवृत्ति हो । राईका निबन्धमा समाज सभ्य, समुन्नत र संवेदनशील हुनुपर्ने आग्रह पाइन्छ । समाजबाट नराम्रा कुराहरू हटाएर विकृति र विसङ्तिको अन्त्य गर्न सकेमा सबल र सक्षम राष्ट्र निर्माणमा टेवा पुग्ने कुरा पनि राईले आफ्ना निबन्धमा प्रष्ट पारेका छन् । समाजमा अन्याय, अत्याचार, दमन, शोषण तथा उत्पीडनको उल्लेख गर्दै यस्ता विकृति र विसङ्गति सहन बाध्य मानिसहरूप्रति विशेष सहानुभूति राख्नु उनको निबन्धकारिता हो । समाजमा शोषक र शोषित वर्गका वीचमा द्वन्द्व देखाई शोषित तथा पीडित वर्गको विजउ अनि शोषक वर्गको पराजय देखाउने प्रवृत्ति सरण राईमा पाइन्छ । आफ्नो योग्यता र क्षमता अनुसारको रोजगारी पायन तथा सम्मानित जीवन यापन गर्न पनि वर्गरहित समाजको आवश्यकता पर्ने विचार राईको निबन्धको विषयवस्तु हुन्छ । सामाजिक विषयलाई लिएर निबन्ध लेख्ने राईका निबन्धमा आलङ्कारिक, सहज र सरल भाषाशैलीको प्रयोग भएको छ ।
सरण राई नेपाली साहित्यका वहुमुखी व्यक्तित्व हुन् ।उनले निबन्ध बाहेक कथा, उपन्यास र कविता बिधामा पनि कलम चलाएका छन् । उनका १६वटा कथाहरूको सङ्ग्रह अन्तिम स्वीकारोक्ति र मानव संसार उपन्यासजस्ता कृतिहरू प्रकाशित भएका छन् ।
निबन्धकार सरण राईको निबन्ध यात्रा २०२०को दशकपछि प्रारम्भ भएको हो । सरण राई आत्मपरक निबन्धकार हुन् । निबन्धको शीर्षक चयन गरी त्यसै शीर्षकमा केन्द्रित रहेर आफ्ना मनका लागेका कुराहरू प्रस्तुत गर्नु आत्मपरक निबन्धको विशेषता हो । साथी निबन्ध सङ्ग्रहमा सङ्कलित पच्चीस ओटा निबन्धमा विविध विषयवस्तुलाई समेट्ने प्रयास गरको छन् । उनका निबन्धको शीर्षक चयनमा विविधता पाइन्छ । विषयवस्तुमा पनि विविधता पाइन्छ । शीर्षक चयन, विषयवस्तु, प्रस्तुतिकरणको शिल्पशैली हादि कुरामा पनि राईका निबन्धमा विविधता पाइन्छ । त्यसैले राई विविध विषयमा निबन्ध रचना गर्ने स्रष्टा हुन् भन्न सकिन्छ ।
साथी निबन्ध सङ्ग्रहमा सङ्कलित पच्चीस ओटै निबन्धका आयाम पनि असमान रहेका छन् । अनुच्छेदहरू पनि विशृङ्खलित तथा विविधतापूर्ण रहेका छन् । धेरै छोटा तथा लामा निबन्धहरू यस सङ्ग्रहमा रहेका छैनन् । सबै निबन्धहरू छोटा तथा मझौला आयाममा संरचित छन् । कुनै–कुनै निबन्धमा विधामिश्रण र काव्यात्मक भाषाको प्रस्तुतिकरण रहेको पाइन्छ । निबन्धका वीच–वीचमा गीतका टुक्राहरू, कविताका अंशहरू प्रयोग गर्ने प्रवृत्ति पनि राईका निबन्धमा पाउन सकिन्छ । छोटाछरिता शीर्षकको चयन गर्नु, शीर्षकमा केन्द्रित रहेर निबन्ध विस्तार गर्नु, आपूmले देखेका तथा अनुभव गरेका कुरालाई समेटेर निबन्ध्के स्वरूप प्रदान गर्नुजस्ता विशेषताहरूनिबन्धकारका निजी विशेषता हुन् भन्न सकिन्छ । यस्ता विविध कारणले गर्दा सरण राई उच्चबौद्धिक क्षमता भएका भावुक र कल्पनाशील एवम् गम्भीर रूपले आफ्नानिबन्धहरू प्रस्तुत गर्ने स्थापित विशिष्ट निबन्धकार हुन् भन्ने कुरा प्रमाणित हुन्छ ।
;/0f /fO{sf] निबन्धकारिता
ck|sflzt
-lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, dfgljsL / ;fdflhszf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t dx]Gb| jx'd'vL
SofDk; w/fg, g]kfnL ljefusf] :gftsf]Q/ tx bf];|f] jif{sf] b;f}“ kqsf] k|of]hgfy{ k|:t't zf]wkq _ af6
;/0f /fO{sf sljtfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f
—ls/0f k/fh'nL
;/0f /fO{n] ljleGg ljifoj:t'nfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ sljtfx¿ /rgf u/]sf 5g\ . ;/0f /fO{sf sljtfx¿df /fli6«otf, dfgjtf / :jtGqtfsf :j/x¿ d'Vo ¿kdf Wjlgt x'G5g\ eg] csf]{lt/ /fhg}lts ljs[lt / lj;ª\ultx¿nfO{ k|sfzdf NofOPsf] kfOG5 . pgsf sljtfdf g}lts cfWoflTds lrGtgx¿ klg kfOG5g\ . pgsf] …xfdL nx/ xf}“Ú sljtf b]zelQmsf] efjgfn] cf]tk|f]t ePsf] sljtf xf] . o; sljtfdf /fi6«k|]dnfO{ g} d'Vo ljifoj:t' agfOPsf] 5 ≤
Hf:t}M xfdL dfgjtfsf] uLt ufp“5f}“
d]rL xfd|f] xf] clg dxfsfnL
;':tf xfd|f] xf]
xfd|f] xf] nfvf}+ ;lxbx¿sf] /utn] /lËPsf] b]z
o:tf kª\lQmx¿df b]zk|]dsf efjgf cf]tk|f]t ePsf] kfOG5 .
/fO{sf] csf]{ sljtf …sl;Psf] d'¶L xfd|f] xf]Ú jL/tfk"0f{ efjx¿n] el/Psf] sljtf xf] . o; sljtfdf /fO{n] g]kfnLx¿ jL/ 5g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ ljifoj:t'sf ¿kdf cufl9 ;f/]sf 5g\ ≤
Hf:t}M ef“lrPsf] kfv'/f xfd|f] xf]Og
sl;Psf] d'¶L xfd|f] xf]
clg
kfgL h:tf kftnf k"j{ syfx¿ xfd|f xf]Ogg\
/utn] /lËPsf] afSnf] Oltxf; xfd|f] xf] .
o; sljtfdf /fO{n] o:tf kª\lQmx¿sf] k|of]uåf/f g]kfnLx¿sf] jL/tfsf] syfnfO{ d"ntM ljifoj:t' agfPsf] kfOPsf] 5 .
slj /fO{sf] …dflg;Ú zLif{ssf] sljtfdf cfhsf] dfG5]sf] oyfy{ hLjgef]ufOnfO{ d"ntM ljifoj:t' agfOPsf] kfOG5 . o; sljtfdf cfhsf] dflg; dflg;x¿sf] e]ndf alu/x]sf], dflg;x¿sf] d]nfdf x/fO/x]sf, k|]d, dfof, df]xdf km;]sf] 5 / dfs'/fem}“ :jfyL{ x'g klg afWo /x]sf] 5 . oL / o:tf ofjt\ s'/fx¿nfO{ sljn] o; sljtfdf ljifoj:t'sf] ¿kdf k|:t't u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
slj ;/0f /fO{sf] …/fhgLltÚ zlif{ssf] sljtf /fhg}lts ljifoj:t';“u ;DalGwt sljtf xf] . o; sljtfdf sljn] /fhgLltsf ;t\ / c;t\ kIfnfO{ ljifoj:t'sf] ¿kdf k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ / xfdLx¿ /fhgLltsf] gfddf l/df]6sG6«f]nåf/f ;~rflnt ePsf / kmf]xf]/L /fhgLltdf nfu]sf 5f}“ eGb} /fhgLlt :jR5, s~rg, cl8s, lgisk6, :jfy{/lxt, t/n / ;an x'g'k5{ eGg] efj JoQm u/]sf] kfOG5 ≤
h:t}M 6fpsf 6fpsfdf 6]s]/ e¥ofª pSng ;Sg'
cfbz{ / l;4fGtsf] ds'G8f] le/]/
cj;/jfbsf] es'G8f] v]Ng ;Sg'=
=======================
kmf]xf]/L /fhgLlt xf]— /fhgLlt .
=================================
lxdfnem}“ :jR5, s~rg / cl8u
lgisk6, :jfy{/lxt, t/n t/ ;an
==================
lk|o /fhgLlt xf]— /fhgLlt
slj ;/0f /fO{sf] …b]zsf] d'6'Ú sljtf b]zk|]dnfO{ d'Vo¿kdf ljifoj:t' agfOPsf] sljtf xf] . o; sljtfdf b]znfO{ vf]qmf] agfpg], 6'qmf agfpg] / r':g]x¿sf] lj?4 b]zeQmx¿ Ps eP/ cfjfh p7fp“5g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ ljifoj:t'sf] ¿kdf k|:t't u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
slj ;/0f /fO{sf] …Pp6f b]zsf] syfÚzLif{ssf] sljtf b]zk|]dsf] efjgfn] cf]tk|f]t ePsf] sljtf xf] . o; sljtfdf Pp6f b]zsf] hgtfnfO{ cfqmd0fsf/Lx¿n] cfqmd0f u/]/ nv]6] klg pgLx¿df b]zk|]d /lx/x]sf] s'/f ≤ ljifoj:t'sf] ¿kdf k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ ≤
h:t}M cfÏgf] b]zaf6 csf]{ b]zdf nv]l6b} z/0ffyL{ eP
csNkgLo b'Mv, oftgf, cTofrf/x¿ ;xb} uP
tfklg
To; b]zsf b]zjf;Lx¿sf] x[bodf
pgLx¿sf] b]z x/fPg
o;/L o; sljtfdf b]zk|]dnfO{ g} d"ntM ljifoj:t' agfOPsf] b]lvG5 .
…ltdL / dÚ zLif{ssf] /fO{sf] csf]{ sljtf /fhgLlt;“u ;DalGwt ljifoj:t' k|:t't ul/Psf] sljtf xf] . o; sljtfdf …ltdLÚ kfqn] e|dsf] v]tL u/]/ dfly k'u]sf] / …dÚ kfq rflx“ ;w}“ hgtfsf lgldQ df6fd} ;ª\3if{ ul//xg] s'/fnfO{ ljifoj:t'sf] ¿kdf k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ .
slj /fO{sf] sljtf…lnP/ hfg] s] xf]nf <Ú hLjg;TonfO{ lljifoj:t' agfP/ n]lvPsf] sljtf xf] . /fO{n] o; sljtfdf dfG5] hGd“bf s]xL glnO{ hGdg] / dbf{ klg s]xL gnfg] s'/fnfO{ ljifoj:t'sf] ¿kdf /f]rs 9Ën] k|:t't ug]{ k|of; u/]sf 5g\ ≤
h:t}M s] lnP/ cfPsf] lyP“
lnP/ hfg'kg]{ s] xf]nf
lnP/ hfg ;lsg] s] xf]nf
;ayf]s oxL“ lyof]
d]/f] xf] eGg] e|d kflnof]
;fyL
cem} dnfO{ e|flGt 5
cflv/, lnP/ hfg] s] xf]nf <
;/0f /fO{sf] …k|:tfljt /fli6«o ufgÚ df b]zelQmk"0f{ efjgfx¿ k|:t't ePsf b]lvG5g\ . o; sljtfdf b]zelQmsf] efjgf g} d'Vo ljifoj:t'sf ¿kdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
sljtfsf] d'Vo tŒj efj xf] h'g efjlagf sljtfsf] sNkgf klg ug{ ;lsGg . /fO{sf k|To]s sljtfx¿df s'g} g s'g} efj /x]sf] kfOG5 . /fO{sf] …xfdL nx/ xf}“Ú sljtfdf g]kfnLx¿ b]zeQm /x]sf 5g\ eGg] ljrf/ tyf b]zsf nflu dg{ klg tof/ 5g\ h:tf ljifox¿ k|sfz ul/Psf 5g\ ≤
h:t}M >4f d'6'leq
Gf]kfn xfd|f] k'0oe"ld xf]
k|f0f xfd|f] k'0oe"lddf r9fOg] k"mn
o;/L o; sljtfdf b]zelQmsf] efjgf k|:t't ug'{ g} o; sljtfsf] d'Vo efj /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
…sl;Psf] d'¶L xfd|f] xf]Ú sljtfdf sljn] g]kfnLx¿ axfb'/ 5g\ eGg] s'/f b]vfpg vf]h]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . o;df g]kfnLx¿ cfÏgf] b]zsf nflu Oltxf;b]lv n8\b} cfPsf / eljio;Dd nl8/xg] Ifdtfsf wgL 5g\ eGg] s/f d'Vo efjsf] ¿kdf b]vfpg vf]lhPsf] b]lvG5 .
…b]zsf] d'6'Ú sljtfdf slj /fO{n] cfh b]z 6'qmf6'qmf ePsf] 5 eGb} b]zdf /x]sf s'zf;sx¿n] b]znfO{ r';]/ vf]qmf] agfPsf 5g\ eGb} hgtfnfO{ b'Mv lbPsf ljifox¿ Pslbg ;a} g]kfnLx¿ PseO{ /fi6«sf] pGglt / k|ult ug]{ s'/fdf Ps b[li6 nufPsf] kfOG5 ≤
;/0f /fO{sf] …d[To' af6fel/ k'mln/xg] x'G5Ú gfds sljtfdf d[To'sf] cfudg af/]df ;'Gb/ ax; u/]sf 5g ≤ klv{P/ a:bfa:b} d[To' cfpg] 5 eg]sf 5g ≤
h:t}M klys, gem's d[To' l6Kg ofqfdf
g/f]lsO+{ al9/x" cufl8 hLjg kydf
lsgls d[To' ltd|fnflu af6fel/ ;w}+ k'mln/xg] x'G5 .
;/0f /fO{sf sljtfx¿df ljz]if u/L tNnf]ju{sf / ljleGg sf/0faf6 zf]lift kLl8t dflg;x¿k|lt ljz]if ;xfg'e"lt k|s6 ub}{ pgLx¿nfO{ hfu?s u/fpg] k|of; ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
Nfoljwfgsf cfwf/df /fO{sf sljtfx¿ x]bf{ pgsf sljtf d"ntM d'Qmnodf /lrPsf kfOG5g\ . /fO{sf k|foM ;a} sljtfx¿ b]zk|]dsf] efjgfn] cf]tk|f]t ePsf kfOG5g\ . pgsf sljtfx¿ jL//;n] el/Psf cf]hu'0fo'Qm klg b]lvG5g\ . b]zk|]d, dfgjtfjfb, :jtGqtf, ;dfgtf / e|ft[Tj pgsf sljtfdf kfOg] Wjlg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . zLif{sLs/0fsf cfwf/df x]bf{ /fO{sf ;a} sljtfsf zLif{sx¿ clew]ofTds ¿kdf cfPsf b]lvG5g\ . pgsf] …lnP/ hfg] s] xf]nf <Ú sljtfsf] zLif{s k|ZgfTds ¿kdf rog ul/Psf] b]lvPsf] 5 . sygk4ltsf cfwf/df /fO{sf sljtfx¿ x]bf{ k|ydk'?if sygk4lt / t[tLok'?if sygk4lt b'j}sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
oL sljtfsf] cfwf/df /fO{sf sljtfdf efj clxn]sf] dfgjr]tgf / ;do;“usf] glhs /xg] lg/LIf0f Ifdtfsf] pknlAw ;Dk|]if0f ug'{ xf] . oL /rgfdf ;dosf cfwf/df dfgjn] ef]u]sf] si6 / ;f+;fl/s Jo:ttfdfly /fO{n] 6L7nfUbf] Joª\u u/]sf 5g\ .
;/0f /fO{sf] hLjgL, JolQmTj / s[ltTj— Ps cWoog
ck|sflzt -lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, dfgljsL / ;fdflhszf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t dx]Gb| jx'd'vL SofDk; w/fg, g]kfnL ljefusf] :gftsf]Q/ tx bf];|f] jif{sf] b;f}“ kqsf] k|of]hgfy{ k|:t't zf]wkq _ af6
यी पुस्तकहरु निम्न पसलहरुमा पाइन्छ — १. साझा पुस्तक पसलहरु
२ . बिहानी प्रकाशन सहकारी संस्था, धरान
पुस्तकहरुको लागि सम्पर्क - सरण राई -०२५ ५२०७४२
